History and distribution of Lake Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill, 1818), in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada, with supplementary notes on regional Coregonids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) occur in the Canadian Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and were first described regionally in the 1850s in the Saint John River. However, no early observations of the species were known in Nova Scotia prompting extensive Lake Whitefish stocking through Canada’s earliest federally run hatcheries. From 1878-1901, nearly 80 million Lake Whitefish fry were introduced to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but all attempted introductions were thought to have failed. From 1964 onward, Lake Whitefish discoveries were reported in Nova Scotia, but not until 1990 were these populations demonstrated to be native. Due to the distinct genetic lineage and eastern distribution of maritime Lake Whitefish populations, we argue that they originated from a distinct glacial refugium. The goal of this review is to provide baseline data on origin, distribution, and history of Lake Whitefish throughout the Maritimes that will facilitate continued research, help identify undocumented populations, and support the conservation of those so far known.As invasive species spread, climates warm, and new recreational fisheries develop, the resilience of Lake Whitefish populations should become a management consideration among the region’s small yet distinct eastern assemblage of native cold-water fishes. Keywords: Hatchery stocking, zoogeography, native species, continental shelf refugia, post-glacial dispersal
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".