Effect of gamma radiation on human enamel chemical and physical properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gamma radiation is still used in developing countries for head and neck cancer treatment. Irradiated dental enamel undergoes dose-dependent chemical and mechanical changes that can hinder oral rehabilitation. Understanding these processes can be useful to professionals to plan safer long-lasting treatments. This study aimed to evaluate different doses of gamma radiation on the chemical and mechanical properties of human dental enamel. METHODS: Sixty human third molars were divided into six groups (n = 10), according to dose: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60; or 70 Gy, in daily increments of 2 Gy. After irradiation, the composition and carbonate/ phosphate ratio (C: P) were evaluated by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate crystal size (shape factor) and crystallinity. Hardness, elastic modulus, and scratch resistance were measured, and the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data of C: P, crystallinity (%), shape factor (nm), hardness (VHN - Vickers Hardness Number), and elastic modulus (GPa - Gigapascals) were submitted to analysis of variance and to Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: FTIR showed carboxylic acid in the irradiated groups and an increase in C: P for the 70 Gy group (p = 0.015), but with no change in crystalline structure. A significant decrease was observed in the values of hardness (p = 0.0000) and the elastic modulus (p = 0.0000) in the irradiated groups. For scratch test, the 60 and 70 Gy groups showed lower values for initial spallation. SEM showed spaced rounded peaks of enamel prisms in the 60 and 70 Gy groups. CONCLUSIONS: Gamma radiation negatively affected the chemical and physical properties of human enamel. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Plataforma Brasil, CAAE: 66495417.1.0000.007.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".