Unveiling the evolution of microstructural and optoelectronic properties of spray‐pyrolyzed <scp>ZnO</scp> thin films via tailoring the aerosol deposition time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract ZnO thin films with diverse thicknesses were deposited via the spray pyrolysis technique by varying the deposition time ( τ ). The XRD analysis shows an increase in polycrystallinity for films with an increase in τ ; however, all films exhibit predominant growth along the c ‐axis [002] direction. The FE‐SEM analysis shows the growth of well‐aligned ZnO nanorods upright on the substrate at τ = 20 min. EDS analysis confirms the high quality ZnO film formation with a slightly rich oxygen concentration. The films exhibit optical transmittance >90%, with the highest of 95% when deposited for 24 min. There is a rise in crystallite size along with film thickness; however, bandgap energy ( E g ) declines with a rise in τ . The inverse relation of E g with Urbach energy ( E u ) is attributed to superior crystallinity at lower E u . Under optimal deposition time τ = 20 min, the film shows the highest dark conductivity 108.2 S/cm, free electron concentration η = 3.76 × 10 19 /cm 3 , and mobility μ = 17.98 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . For τ = 20 min, the film exhibits the best figure of merit, Φ TC‐H = 2.03 × 10 −3 Ω −1 , Φ TC‐H‐HR = 4.11 × 10 −2 Ω −1/12 , and the least sheet resistance, R s = 275 Ω/□.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".