Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nodding thistle, Carduus nutans, native to Europe and North Africa, is a serious weed of pastures in the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Argentina. In Australia it was introduced relatively recently and is still more or less confined to parts of the tablelands of NSW, but with the potential to spread much more widely. With the benefit of considerable work already carried out for, or by, the USA, Canada and NZ, the Australian program concentrated on assessing the relative merits of the agents available, based on field studies in areas of the native range in southern Europe climatically similar to the target regions of Australia. Two populations of the receptacle weevil Rhinocyllus conicus from two such areas, plus a third population from NZ, originally from northern-central France, were released in Australia and their performances compared. The NZ population significantly outperformed the other two populations, though apparently climatically less well suited. The oviposition period of this weevil did not coincide with the main period of seed production of nodding thistle in Australia; to try to cover this period, the seed fly Urophora solstitialis was introduced and released. This was more effective, but still not effective enough to reduce seed production sufficiently. In addition, fly emergence was initially asynchronous with flowering and it was largely outcompeted by R. conicus early in the season, a result not expected from the native range studies. The rosette weevil Trichosirocalus horridus was introduced from NZ and released, with significant effects on rosette vigour and thus seed production. These three agents together reduced seed production by 81%; seed banks and rosette density subsequently declined. The success of this program was calculated to yield a benefit:cost ratio of 6.9.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".