The Glycocalyx: Barriers and Opportunities at Cell–Cell Encounters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The glycocalyx, a carbohydrate‐rich, gel‐like layer that coats every mammalian cell, is the first point of contact between cells in tissues. It therefore critically influences these encounters, impacting their mechanical, electrical, and chemical features that ultimately determines the outcome of cell–cell contacts. The immune system and immune cell interactions are especially dependent on the surveillance and sensing of glycocalyces at transient cell–cell contacts. Here, the integration of information perceived in the glycocalyx determines immune cell decisions ranging from phagocytosis to target killing. To avoid detection and removal, malignant cell types and pathogens often construct an elaborate glycocalyx that shrouds neoantigens and other ligands to curtail these immune responses. Therapeutics have recently been devised to diminish or overcome the glycocalyx barrier in an effort to stimulate an immune response, especially in the context of mounting antitumor immunity. We discuss the general features of the glycocalyx—including those that afford immune evasion of cancers and pathogens—and provide an update on clinical strategies that are being developed to target this barrier.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".