A simple non-isothermal-mechanical interface constitutive model and its application on the geotextile and soil interface considering freezing temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A non-isothermal constitutive model is proposed to capture the shear response of soil–geotextile interfaces (SGIs) at subzero temperature conditions. The model incorporates temperature-dependent evolution of the void ratio, ice bonding effects, and normal stiffness response within the framework of critical state soil mechanics (CSSM). A total of 12 physically parameters are introduced, most of which can be calibrated using standard laboratory tests. The model is validated against a wide range of experimental data from Constant Normal Stiffness (CNS) direct shear tests conducted at temperatures ranging from 0 °C to −8°C, encompassing four distinct initial normal stresses and four varied stiffness levels. The findings demonstrate that the model accurately captures the key mechanical features of frozen and unfrozen SGIs, including the interfacial strain-hardening or softening behavior, temperature-dependent shear strength with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.88, and volumetric deformation with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.91. It is imperative to note that the proposed model has the capacity to demonstrate the manner in which freezing temperatures exert influence on the critical void ratio. A decline of 10.21% in the critical void ratio was observed as the temperature underwent a drop from positive to −8°C, an effect that conventional interface formulations are incapable of representing. By integrating this mechanism within a unified and physically consistent framework, the model provides a reliable and applicable tool for evaluating soil–geotextile interface performance in geotechnical engineering projects within cold regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".