Pretreatment-driven intensification of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from microwave-dried pea haulm biomass
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pea haulm was valorized by integrating pretreatments with ultrasound-assisted extraction after microwave-assisted hot-air drying (200 W; 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C). Drying severity bleached color (lightness, 76.9 to 93.4) and decreased extractables: total phenolic content (TPC, 17.2 to 14.5 mg GAE/g dry matter (DM)), total flavonoid content (TFC, 8.1 to 6.6 mg CTE/g DM), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH, 115.7 to 109.0 μmol TE/g DM), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, 69.1 to 58.7 μmol TE/g DM). At 40 °C, pretreatments intensified extraction: high pressure maximized TPC (21.4 mg GAE/g DM) and TFC (13.7 mg CTE/g DM) with higher DPPH (132.2 μmol TE/g DM); pulsed electric field yielded the highest FRAP (77.5 μmol TE/g DM). These results showed that gentle drying (200 W_40 °C) and high-pressure pretreatment enhance ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from pea haulm, offering potential for sustainable production of antioxidant-rich bio-ingredients. • 200W, 40°C drying best preserves color and extractable phenolics. • HP, PEF, homogenization pretreatments intensify UAE of pea haulm bioactives. • High pressure maximizes TPC/TFC and DPPH; PEF gives highest FRAP. • Pretreatments raise surface opening (HP>PEF>homogenization). • Higher drying temp shifts proteins from α-helix to β-sheet/coil.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it