Testing the correlation of marine bands of the Carboniferous Lower Limestone Formation (Midland Valley of Scotland) using foraminiferal quantitative biostratigraphy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study examines foraminifers from limestone horizons of the mainly Brigantian Lower Limestone Formation across the Midland Valley of Scotland (MVS), to determine more precisely the correlation of the limestone beds throughout the region and with the marine bands. Three quantitative biostratigraphical methods were applied to the foraminiferal dataset. The Ranking and Scaling method produced unusual mixed associations and a ranked optimum sequence, making it the least reliable. In contrast, the Unitary Associations (UA) and Constrained Optimization (CONOP) methods yielded more consistent sequences and correlations, especially the latter. The main conclusions drawn were: (i) The West Kirkton, First Abden and St Monans Brecciated limestones of the eastern MVS are considered the base of the Lower Limestone Formation; (ii) The Petershill Limestone is considered as the likely lateral equivalent of the Blackhall Limestone; (iii) the Seafield Tower, Charlestown Main and Middle Skateraw limestones can be correlated in the eastern MVS; (iv) the Abden Fauna (marine band) in central Fife, is confirmed just below the base of the Lower Limestone Formation in most sections; and (v) correlation of limestones below the Neilson Shell Band (marine band) in the eastern region is confirmed with the CONOP method, and in the western region with the Unitary Associations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".