CO2-Plume Geothermal (CPG) after enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global energy transition requires novel carbon utilization methods to enable integrated and optimized low-carbon energy production. Coupling CO 2 -based geothermal energy extraction with CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (EOR) represents a promising yet largely unexplored approach for improving resource efficiency and carbon sequestration. This study investigates the integration of CO 2 -Plume Geothermal (CPG) energy production with CO 2 -EOR in mature oil reservoirs using numerical simulations of conceptual heterogeneous reservoir models. The interplay between EOR and CPG performance in terms of energy production and CO 2 storage is evaluated and compared to understand the geotechnical implications of this integration. The analysis highlights that initiating CPG operations after EOR significantly benefits from the established CO 2 plume, facilitating immediate and efficient geothermal energy extraction. Results show that integrating CPG with EOR increases total energy recovery by 20%–50% relative to the energy produced by EOR alone, yielding CPG thermal power outputs ranging from 13 to 23 MW th /km 2 . Continued CO 2 injection during CPG operations further increases total CO 2 storage by 80%–280%, driven primarily by improved volumetric sweep of previously unswept reservoir volumes and enhanced CO 2 density resulting from reservoir cooling. While reservoir heterogeneity strongly influences oil recovery during EOR, its effect on CPG thermal output is less pronounced, since native reservoir fluids (oil and brine) have already been largely displaced during the EOR stage, and the CO 2 plume gradually stabilizes over time. These findings demonstrate the viability and advantages of integrated CO 2 -EOR and CPG systems, offering insights into novel methods essential for sustainable subsurface resource management and climate-change mitigation. • Coupling CO 2 -EOR with CPG yields noticeably higher total energy production compared to EOR alone. • Ongoing CO 2 injection during CPG significantly increases storage capacity, aided by cooling-induced density increase. • Reservoir heterogeneity strongly influences oil recovery in EOR but has a more modest effect on CPG thermal output. • This hybrid approach offers a pathway to large-scale CCUS by repurposing mature oil fields for geothermal power and enhanced geologic CO 2 storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".