New Ontario records for <i>Nanophyes M. marmoratus</i> (Goeze, 1777) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), introduced into North America for classical biological control of purple loosestrife
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1992, Nanophyes marmoratus marmoratus (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), the Purple Loosestrife Flower Weevil, native to Eurasia (Thompson et al. 1987), was identified as a candidate for biological control of Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria (L.) (Lythraceae), an alien weed invasive in North America.Although N. m. marmoratus was assessed as having a lower potential impact than the other biological control candidates, Neogalerucella calmariensis L., N. pusilla (Duftschmid) (Chrysomelidae) and Hylobius transversovittatus (Goeze) (Curculionidae), it was still released due to its high likelihood of establishment (Blossey and Schroeder 1995).From 1994-2005, N. m. marmoratus was released in several US states (Skinner 1996;Blossey 2001).In Canada, 720 adults were released in 1997 in southern Manitoba in three marshy sites (Lindgren et al. 2002).In Ontario there is no record of this species ever having been released (D.Mackenzie, personal communication).The present study is the first to monitor the spread of N. m. marmoratus in Canada since its release in North America, thus addressing Corrigan et al. 's (2013) recommendation to assess its establishment in Canada.Nanophyes m. marmoratus adults are small (1.4-2.1 mm long), with light yellowish-brown elytral markings and a long rostrum.Females (Fig. 1a) are slightly larger and with more yellow on the elytra than males (Fig. 1b).The life cycle (egg to adult emergence) is about four weeks.The weevils first appear in mid-spring, when they mate on the flowering inflorescences before laying eggs singly in flower buds (Batra et al. 1986;Blossey and Schroeder 1995).The young whitish larvae feed on the stamens and ovary of unopened flower (Wilson et. al. 2004).The adult beetles emerge, feed on foliage and mate in late August before overwintering in leaf litter (Lindgren et al. 2002).In 2012 and 2013 several Purple Loosestrife populations in eastern Ontario were surveyed.Only the well-established, leaf-feeding Neogalerucella beetles were expected to be found but Nanophyes m. marmoratus was repeatedly discovered as well, on Purple Loosestrife flowers from mid-June to late August.One of these specimens, from Pakenham, ON, 45.3333N 76.2833W, 10 September 2012 (1 female, CNC), was reported by Douglas et al. (2013) along with specimens collected in Quebec in 2011 from the area between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers (Fig. 2).Nanophyes m. marmoratus has now been identified at eighteen sites in eastern Ontario (Fig. 2) and quantified in fourteen of them.The average density was 0.78 ( 0.55) weevils per stem (n=513 stems), with a range of 0-14 weevils per stem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".