The biomechanical properties of porcine intervertebral disc tissue treated with different fixation solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human cadavers used for teaching are often preserved through arterial embalming. The intervertebral disc is naturally avascular, therefore it is unknown if the fixative reaches the disc and alters its biomechanical properties. The current study compared annulus fibrosus biomechanics from porcine discs treated with commonly used fixation solutions. Porcine cervical spines were submerged for 14 days in one of the following fixation solutions; Control (no fixation); Ethanol; Imperial College London; Saturated Salt Solution, and Surgical Reality Fluid. Post submersion, discs were excised and subjected to four annular tests. Fixation altered the mechanical properties of the annulus with certain solutions having a greater impact. The saturated salt solution had the greatest effect on annular mechanical properties; specifically, a significantly lower toe region strain and higher stress at 15 % strain when compared to the unfixed controls was observed. Additionally, the saturated salt solution also significantly reduced annular adhesion peel stiffness, strength, and adhesion variability. Surgical Reality Fluid also reduced toe region strain and increased stress at 15 % strain when compared to unfixed controls, but to a lesser extent and did not appear to affect adhesive mechanical properties. Ethanol fixation significantly lowered stress at 15 % strain but did not appear to affect any other mechanical variable. Last, the Imperial College London solution did not show significant alterations to any annular property measured. Fixation alters mechanical properties of the annulus fibrosus with varying degrees depending on the solution used. This study helps provide guidance when using fixed tissue for biomechanical annulus testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".