Exploring Associations Between WaSH-Related Health Outcomes and Terrorist Activities in the Sahel: A Scoping Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: The G5 Sahel countries have faced political instability and terrorist activities for over a decade. With the regional lack of water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH), there is an increased risk of adverse health outcomes. This scoping review aims to document WaSH-related health outcomes associated with terrorist activities, identify gaps in the humanitarian and political response and propose actionable recommendations to address them. Methods: We followed the PRISMA standards, including literature from PubMed and Web of Science. Country-specific timeframes for terrorist activities were used. Results: Data was extracted from 54 out of 2,320 publications on 22 December 2023. While malnutrition and diarrheal diseases were frequently reported as health outcomes - consistent with inadequate WaSH services - the lack of studies directly linking these outcomes to terrorist activities is notable. Only one article explicitly established a direct link between health outcomes and terrorist activities. Conclusion: The scarcity of studies directly linking terrorist activities to health outcomes reveals a significant research gap and highlight the need for more focused investigations into the health impacts of political violence in the Sahel region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.025 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".