Zoonotic potential of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pets and their owners in Bangladesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), their antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants, and potential zoonotic potential between pets, owners, and veterinary professionals. From July 2022 to June 2024, 213 human and 191 animal samples (nasal, pus, and wound swabs) were collected from two veterinary hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated using conventional cultural method and subsequently confirmed through Gram staining, biochemical tests, and PCR targeting the nuc gene. Methicillin resistance was confirmed using the cefoxitin disk diffusion method and PCR for the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method against 15 antibiotics. Additionally, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on selected MRSA isolates from pets and their owners to study clonal transmission and virulence factors. The prevalence of MRSA in humans was 15.0%, in cats was 5.8% and in dogs was 13.5%. The MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin (94.9%), azithromycin (82%), and ciprofloxacin (53.9%), in addition to their intrinsic resistance to cefoxitin. Multidrug resistance was observed in 94.9% of MRSA isolates, though all were sensitive to amikacin, clindamycin, linezolid, and vancomycin. Notably, six dogs and cats, along with their respective owners, tested positive for MRSA. WGS analysis of these six pairs (12 isolates) showed four sequence types (ST), with ST6 being the most common (66.7%). There were also four spa types identified, with t304 being the predominant (58.3%). Within four pairs, identical ST-spa patterns were observed, except for the pair C52-P52 and D88-P88. Two pairs of isolates, C134-P134 and C185-P185, showed clonality based on whole genome and core genome SNP analysis, and other genetic parameters, suggesting clonal transmission between the pets and their respective owners. Virulence profiling revealed the presence of hemolysins, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in selected isolates. The detection of diverse MRSA lineages, including human lineages ST80, ST88 and ST6-t304 in pets, indicates their zoonotic potential, and emphasizes the necessity for targeted MRSA surveillance and effective infection control measures. A collaborative One Health approach is therefore imperative to address the spread of MRSA between pets and their owners, thereby mitigating associated risks. The detection of diverse MRSA lineages, including human lineages ST80, ST88, and ST6-t304 in pets, underscores their zoonotic potential and emphasizes the necessity for targeted MRSA surveillance and effective infection control measures. A collaborative One Health approach is therefore imperative to address the spread of MRSA between pets and their owners, thereby mitigating associated risks.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".