Exploring the association between testosterone levels and male urethral stricture: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Urethral stricture is a common condition in men, affecting quality of life and burdening health care systems. Androgens support wound healing; thus, low testosterone may cause inflammation and stricture formation. This systematic review aims to explore the link between testosterone levels and urethral stricture. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, with risk of bias assessed with Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Five studies met the inclusion criteria, investigating the link between testosterone levels and urethral strictures. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, with risk of bias assessed with Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria, investigating the link between testosterone levels and urethral strictures . Patients with recurrent strictures had significantly lower testosterone levels (342.00 ± 133.89 ng/dL) compared with those without recurrence (428.53 ± 133.55 ng/dL). Low testosterone was also associated with reduced periurethral vascularity. Stricture length was longer in patients with low testosterone (195.3 ng/dL) compared with those with normal levels (427.9 ng/dL). In addition, patients with urethral stricture demonstrated lower testosterone levels (394 ng/ dL) compared with healthy controls (488 ng/dL), and another study confirmed this statement with similar findings in stricture patients (386.00 ± 225.60 ng/dL) versus controls (660.82 ± 298.26 ng/dL). Conclusion: In conclusion, our systematic review suggests that low testosterone contributes to the occurrence and recurrence of urethral stricture. Because testosterone aids periurethral vascularity and healing, lacking testosterone might increase stricture risk. Further studies exploring the use of androgen-based therapies as preventive or adjunctive therapy are necessary. Furthermore, testosterone levels could be integrated as part of the diagnostic or therapeutic approach in patients suffering from urethral stricture, particularly recurrent urethral strictures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".