The Role of Linguistic Course Concentration in Secondary English Learners’ Attainment: Intersections of School Context and Student Characteristics
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Course-level concentration of English learners (ELs), or the clustering of ELs into courses away from non-ELs, is an underexamined component of curricular tracking at the secondary level. Using data from three ninth grade cohorts (2013–2015) in the New York City Public Schools (NYCPS), as well as data from the American Community Survey and National Student Clearinghouse, this study examines the relationship between course concentration of high school ELs—as measured by the percent of ELs in content courses—and four key outcomes: four- and six-year high school graduation, and immediate and extended enrollment in college. Guided by an ecological framework, we distinguished between schools’ general tendency to concentrate ELs into separate courses and the individual students’ experiences of relative concentration within their schools. We estimated the role of both components of course concentration in two different types of high schools: comprehensive schools and newcomer-serving schools. We found that both components had significant negative associations with high school graduation and college enrollment, though with some notable differences by subgroup and school type. Our findings challenge the common practice of grouping ELs together for instruction but also point to important variations in how course concentration might differentially shape attainment outcomes in different high school contexts.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it