Analysis of Changes in Extent and Composition of Land Tenancy in India: Exploration in Technology Adoption and Agricultural Profitability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article analyzes the evolving trends in tenancy contracts in India. Using official statistical data, the study observes a U-shaped pattern in the proportion of land leased and the share of cultivators engaged in tenancy over time. This declined until 1991–1992 and was followed by a considerable increase since 2002–2003. Notably, in the 1970s, semi-medium cultivators were the predominant tenant class. However, in the revival phase, landless and near-landless households emerged as the principal demanders for land under the tenancy. The article argues that in the 1970s, the green revolution and the changes in public policy related to agriculture caused an increase in productivity and profitability and the introduction of markets for many factors and output which were previously nontraded, all of which induced a decline in the extent of tenancy. In the subsequent phase, as the impact of new technology tapered out and state support declined, the rising cost of cultivation and reduced returns created disincentives for landowners to cultivate, giving rise to absenteeism and an employment and livelihood crisis and leading to the revival of tenancy and the emergence of labor-supplying households as the primary tenant group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".