Basal Forebrain Volume and Concurrent Hallucinations and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Visual hallucinations (VH) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often co-occur in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Each symptom in isolation is associated with cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) atrophy. However, it is unclear whether BF integrity relates to one symptom preferentially or to their co-occurrence, and whether this relationship is specific to the nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4 & Ch4p) or extends to other BF nuclei (Ch1-2 & Ch3). OBJECTIVES: To bridge the literature on MCI, VH, and the BF by examining associations between total and subregional BF volumes with VH, MCI, and concurrent symptomology. METHODS: We used clinical and structural MRI data in PD patients (n = 296), evaluated prior to deep brain stimulation. PD-MCI was identified in 61% of patients, VH in 25%, and symptoms co-occurred in 21% of the sample. We conducted logistic regressions to examine the relationships between BF volumes (total BF, Ch1-2, Ch3, Ch4, and Ch4p) with MCI, VH, and their combination, accounting for potential confounders (age, sex, LEDD, dopamine agonist, and anticholinergic medications). RESULTS: Total BF, Ch1-2, and Ch4 volumes are negatively associated with the likelihood of PD-MCI, but not VH when the other symptom type is not considered. When both symptoms are considered, Total BF and Ch4 volumes are negatively related to the co-occurrence of MCI and VH relative to neither symptom. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the "cholinergic phenotype" in that BF atrophy, including Ch4, is associated with concomitant MCI and VH. Ch1-2 volume is further associated with MCI, which is interesting given its temporal lobe projections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".