Factor structure of food and physical activity parenting practices among US fathers by ethnicity and survey language: a cross sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Parenting practices contribute to children’s eating and physical activity behaviors, and thereby their risk of obesity and associated medical conditions. Fathers may engage in different parenting practices than mothers. The objective of this study was therefore to establish psychometrically sound tools in English and Spanish for measuring Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PAPP) and Food Parenting Practices (FPP) for Hispanic and non-Hispanic fathers of diverse races for use in future studies, such as evaluations of family-based obesity interventions targeted at fathers. METHODS: We conducted a preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of a reduced version of the PAPP and FPP item banks which were administered in English or Spanish to 639 fathers of 5–11 year old children. We used confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to examine factor structures of the reduced item banks by survey language and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic). The internal consistency of the scales were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. RESULTS: We identified three factors for PAPP (Autonomy Support, Co-Participation/Modeling, Coercive Control) with two sub-factors each; four factors for FPP (Child Involvement, Covert Control, Modeling, Threats & Bribes) without sub-factors. The solutions performed well in the samples of English and Spanish-speaking fathers. The fit of the FPP factors was adequate among fathers who completed the survey in English, and to a lesser extent among Spanish-speaking fathers, albeit acceptable. A bi-factor model, where each item loads on a primary dimension and supports the use of global factors, was identified for all PAPP scales in both languages with adequate internal consistency and fit. The CFA structure observed by survey language versions was less supported across ethnicities, but did not diverge enough to warrant major modifications. The internal consistency of the FPP Covert Control factor among Hispanics and the Spanish survey sample was low. CONCLUSIONS: This work builds on previously published psychometrics of a large item bank for improving fathers’ measurement of PAPP and FPP. Findings support the use of a reduced version of the parenting practices for fathers when administering the survey in English and Spanish. Further research is needed to investigate the measurement of fathers’ parenting practices across other Spanish speaking groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".