A cross-sectional study on herd-level risk factors associated with Salmonella Dublin in dairy herds from Québec, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonella Dublin is an endemic zoonotic bacteria affecting dairy cattle in Canada and is also recognized as an emerging concern in dairy industries worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of herd-level risk factors on the farm's S . Dublin status. We used an observational cross-sectional study design, where the S . Dublin status of 302 dairy herds from the three main dairy regions in Québec, Canada, was determined using repeated bulk tank milk and individual animal serum samples collected over 6 months. Geographic coordinates and demographic exposures were obtained from the Québec dairy producers association, and management practices were assessed using a questionnaire. Spatial clusters of S. Dublin positive farms were evaluated. The impact of risk factors on odds of S. Dublin was estimated using logistic regression models based on a directed acyclic graph. Associations between the farm’s predictor profile and odds of S. Dublin were also evaluated using dimension reduction coupled with hierarchical clustering techniques. Data from 273 and 196 herds were available for the spatial and risk factors analyses, respectively, and 10 (3.7%) of the herds met the S . Dublin case definition. We observed a spatial cluster of S. Dublin cases. Farm- (number of dairy farms/km 2 ) and cow-density (number of adult dairy cows/km 2 ), and distance to the nearest dairy farm (in km) were not associated with S . Dublin status. Herds that used practices associated with a higher rate of animal introduction had significantly higher odds of S . Dublin. When considering the farm’s predictors profile, only the dimension representing the herd’s buying and young stock raising habits was associated with the odds of S . Dublin. • A high-risk area of Salmonella Dublin was detected in Québec, Canada. • The number of animals purchased increased the odds of S. Dublin. • Not raising young stock increased the odds of S. Dublin. • The herd’s purchase and raising habits profile affected the odds of S. Dublin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".