Point-of-care musculoskeletal ultrasound for hemophilic arthropathy: a scoping review of scanning protocols by the Imaging Expert Working Group of the International Prophylaxis Study Group
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: People with hemophilia (PwH) or von Willebrand disease (VWD) are at risk of joint bleeding, which can lead to hemophilic arthropathy. Point-of-care musculoskeletal ultrasound (POC-MSKUS) is increasingly used to detect joint bleeds, but a comprehensive compilation of available independent scanning protocols and their respective measurement properties is missing. Objectives: This study aimed to identify all existing POC-MSKUS scanning protocols and their reported measurement properties in PwH or people with VWD. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL (March 2025). Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed; published in English; used an experimental, observational, or review design; and examined POC-MSKUS for joint disease in children or adults with hemophilia A, hemophilia B, or VWD. Extracted data included scanning protocol characteristics and measurement properties such as reliability (interrater and intrarater), construct validity (convergent and known groups), criterion validity (concurrent and predictive), and responsiveness. Results: Of 926 identified studies, 134 met the inclusion criteria (3 systematic reviews, 7 experimental studies, 75 observational studies, 39 narrative reviews, and 10 studies using other acceptable designs). Thirteen POC-MSKUS scanning protocols were identified. Among the 70 studies assessing measurement properties, reliability was reported in 12 studies, construct validity in 43 studies, criterion validity in 20 studies, and responsiveness in 5 studies. Predictive validity (2 studies) and responsiveness were the least reported properties. Conclusion: Several POC-MSKUS scanning protocols exist, with predictive validity and responsiveness being the least established measurement properties. Future research should focus on prospective and experimental studies to establish these properties in POC-MSKUS protocols for PwH and people with VWD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.094 | 0.240 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.040 | 0.040 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".