Postoperative prognostic factors in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine postoperative prognostic factors in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer (GBC) to determine factors linked to survival outcomes. The results can inform clinical decision-making and guide personalized treatment plans. METHODS: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were retrieved up to March 12, 2025. The included articles were scored via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The data were analyzed via Stata 15.0. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies (n = 8,095) were included. Factors associated with worse overall survival (OS) included age > 60 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.05) and hepatic-side tumors (HR = 2.89, 95% CI: 2.14–3.90). There was a non-significant trend toward poorer OS with male sex (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.89–2.23). Several associations became significant after sensitivity analyses eliminated sources of heterogeneity: lymph node (LN) metastasis (HR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.56–3.07), perineural invasion (PNI) (HR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.74–3.03), simple cholecystectomy (SC) (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.00–2.13), and extended cholecystectomy (EC), the latter of which was protective (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52–0.87). Additional protective factors included LN dissection (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.38–0.86) and R0 resection (HR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05–0.91). For disease-free survival (DFS), LN metastasis (HR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.50–4.04) and PNI (HR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.36–3.04) were independent predictors of a poor outcome, which was confirmed again after sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: For postoperative patients with T2 GBC, factors, including age > 60 years, male gender, hepatic lateral tumor, LN metastasis, PNI, and SC were linked to worse OS. LN metastasis and PNI significantly affected DFS. EC and LN dissection may improve prognosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".