Genomic Drivers of Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Kentucky from Poultry Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) remains a leading cause of human illness worldwide, and its persistence in poultry environments might be partially attributed to their ability to form biofilm. This study compared the biofilm capacity of 15 SE and 24 Salmonella Kentucky (SK) isolates from poultry products and processing facilities to uncover genetic factors driving biofilm heterogeneity. Biofilm formation and curli/cellulose production were evaluated at 20–22 °C. Genomic analyses included phylogenetic reconstruction, comparative system profiling, SNP variation, and BLASTp v2.17.0 comparisons. Phenotypic assays showed that most SE isolates (73%) were strong biofilm formers, while the majority of SK isolates (62%) failed to form biofilms, despite many carrying the complete curli–cellulose gene set and other biofilm-associated genes. Genomic analysis identified 124 biofilm-related genes, 108 of which were conserved across all isolates, and revealed 24 variants with potential functional impact. Mutations in cellulose biosynthesis (bcs) genes were linked to weaker biofilms, whereas nonsynonymous variants in tol family genes may impair flagellar biosynthesis and matrix stability. These findings demonstrate that genetic variation, not just gene presence, shapes biofilm phenotypes and highlight key molecular targets that may explain why SE persists in poultry production while SK is less successful.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".