Osteoblastic metastasis secondary to mammary carcinoma in a dog ( <i>Canis lupus familiaris</i> ) presenting with lameness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Osteoblastic metastases occur secondary to malignant epithelial tumours, and lead to marked periosteal hyperostosis and medullary sclerosis. These are rarely reported in dogs. A 7‐year‐old, neutered, female labrador retriever × standard poodle presented with a 4‐week history of progressive right hindlimb lameness, pyrexia and thoracolumbar pain. A mammary mass was identified, with cytology indicating a malignant carcinoma. Computed tomography demonstrated extensive primary osteoblastic lesions affecting vertebrae and proximal appendicular bones, alongside pulmonary and lymph node metastasis. Given the guarded prognosis, euthanasia was elected by the owner. Postmortem examination revealed irregular periosteal proliferation associated with metastatic mammary carcinoma in the scapula, humerus, femur, ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and bony induration of the medulla of the long bones. This case advances the understanding of skeletal metastases in dogs, which can often be misdiagnosed, and offers guidance for clinical and diagnostic approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".