Nutritional status and associated factors among adolescents in Senegal: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Adolescents are a vulnerable group as they undergo rapid physical changes that can impact their nutritional status. Despite the implementation of some interventions addressing adolescent nutrition in Senegal, there remains a lack of comprehensive data on their nutritional status. This study aimed to assess nutritional status and associated factors among Senegalese adolescents aged 10-19 years. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was part of the national food consumption survey, which was conducted among children aged 24-59 months, adolescents aged 10-19 years and adults aged 20 years and older. SETTING: The study was conducted in Senegal at the national level, in rural and urban areas, from July to November 2021. PARTICIPANTS: 1433 adolescents, boys and girls aged 10-19 years were randomly selected from 1800 households in 150 census districts. OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index for age z-score and waist-to-height ratio through anthropometric measurements. Dietary practices, health and socioeconomic and sociodemographic data were collected using questionnaires. Data were weighted for representativeness and logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with underweight, overweight and obesity. RESULTS: Among the 1433 adolescents, one in five (21.7%) were underweight, 5.9% were overweight, 1.8% had obesity and 5% had abdominal obesity. Male gender (OR=1.74; p<0.001), being in the 10-14 years age group (OR=1.44; p<0.05), having diarrhoea (OR=4.86; p<0.05), skipping lunch daily (OR=2.28; p<0.01) and snacking (OR=1.51; p<0.05) were associated with increased risk of being underweight. Female gender was a predictor of being overweight (OR=4.68; p<0.001) and having abdominal obesity (OR=5.28; p<0.001). Urban adolescents were 59% more likely to be obese than rural adolescents (p<0.05). Adolescents who consumed dietary supplements had greater odds of obesity (OR=3.89; p<0.05) and those who skipped breakfast daily were 4.5 times more at risk of having abdominal obesity. More than 90% of adolescents had three main meals per day. Over 60.3% of adolescents reported snacking and 55.4% of them did so at least once per day. 72% of Senegalese adolescents met the minimum dietary diversity and the mean Dietary Diversity Score was 5.23±1.28. CONCLUSION: Underweight is high in Senegalese adolescents, particularly in rural areas and among boys and adolescents aged 10-14 years. Overweight and abdominal obesity among girls and urban adolescents require particular attention. Tackling the double burden of malnutrition in Senegalese adolescents requires a greater consideration of adolescents in policies and strategies, including the implementation of a malnutrition management programme as well as the promotion of healthy diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".