Pattern of extra‐diaphragmatic respiratory muscle activity during exercise in patients with unilateral diaphragm dysfunction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whether extra-diaphragmatic respiratory muscle output is altered in patients with unilateral diaphragm dysfunction (UDD) remains unclear. We compared respiratory pressures and muscle activity during symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in 10 patients with UDD and 10 matched controls. Ventilatory variables, dyspnea, and electromyography (EMG) of the diaphragm, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and parasternal intercostals were assessed at iso-ventilation and peak ventilation. Compared to controls, patients with UDD showed lower peak workload and oxygen consumption (p < 0.029), with a 10% lower but not statistically different peak ventilation (p = 0.078). At peak, they were more likely to report high dyspnea (p = 0.050). EMG patterns were similar between groups at iso-ventilation (40 L/min). At peak, controls had greater diaphragm (p = 0.007) and parasternal intercostal (p = 0.042) activity, while UDD patients showed earlier activation of scalene (p = 0.021) and sternocleidomastoid (p = 0.049), and greater expiratory muscle recruitment (p = 0.004). These findings suggest that patients with UDD rely on earlier and increased activation of extra-diaphragmatic and expiratory muscles to compensate for reduced diaphragm function during intense exercise. Targeting these compensatory mechanisms may be beneficial in managing diaphragm dysfunction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".