Pathways of neutrophil enzymatic degradation of resin-based composites and adhesives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human Neutrophils (HN), white blood cells of the innate immune system, are abundant inhabitants of the oral cavity. It was previously found that these leukocytes can degrade methacrylate resin-based composites (RC), adhesives, monomers, and demineralized dentin. This activity can compromise the tooth-restoration interface, potentially resulting in restoration failure and debonding. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of this activity is yet to be fully determined. The objectives of this study were to measure cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression and cell viability of HN when exposed to methacrylate resin-based monomers, degradative byproducts, RC, and adhesives, then to measure and analyze neutrophil-derived enzymes’ degradative activity towards methacrylate resin-based materials. HN’s CD marker expression in the presence of methacrylate resin-based monomers, degradative byproducts, composites, and adhesives was quantified via flow cytometry analysis using a panel of 7 CD markers. HN and neutrophil-derived enzyme degradation of methacrylate resin-based materials was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Lastly, in silico 3D characterization of the neutrophil-derived enzymes catalytic site was conducted. Results showed increased CD66a among HN exposed to RC and universal-etch adhesive (UE), and upregulated CD11b and CD18 following exposure to UE. Whole HN and neutrophil elastase (NE) degraded 2,2-Bis [4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl] propane (bisGMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) monomers, and photocured RC and UE dental materials(p>0.05). In silico 3D characterization of NE’s active site revealed selective binding configurations to bisGMA and UDMA monomers. These findings suggest that neutrophil-mediated enzymatic degradation of methacrylate resin-based materials may be an important contributing factor to restoration failure and recurrent caries. Neutrophils, innate immune system cells, are found in the gingival sulcus, adjacent to the margins of methacrylate resin-based composites and adhesives. There, neutrophils can combat pathogenic oral bacteria as the body’s first line of defense. This study reveals an in-depth mechanism of the neutrophil-derived enzymatic degradation of methacrylate dental materials, with neutrophil elastase being a key contributor to this potentially harmful activity. This activity, that can occur at the tooth-restoration interface found in the margins of the restorations, can contribute to premature failure of dental restorations, a multi $B health concern. The new culprits unveiled in this study can be targeted in preventive dental treatment, as well as when developing new dental materials with improved longevity and durability. Neutrophils, innate immune system cells, are found in the gingival sulcus, adjacent to the margins of methacrylate resin-based composites and adhesives. There, neutrophils can combat pathogenic oral bacteria as the body’s first line of defense. This study reveals an in-depth mechanism of the neutrophil-derived enzymatic degradation of methacrylate dental materials, with neutrophil elastase being a key contributor to this potentially harmful activity. This activity, that can occur at the tooth-restoration interface found in the margins of the restorations, can contribute to premature failure of dental restorations, a multi $B health concern. The new culprits unveiled in this study can be targeted in preventive dental treatment, as well as when developing new dental materials with improved longevity and durability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".