Watt-level high-OSNR continuous wave tunable figure-8 holmium-doped fiber laser for OWC systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 2000 nm optical transmission window is gaining significant interest for terrestrial and deep-space optical wireless communication (OWC) due to its exceptionally low atmospheric absorption. Therefore, high-power Holmium-doped fiber lasers (HDFLs) with high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) are attractive solutions for OWC systems because they can enhance transmission efficiency, improve signal quality over longer transmission distances, and ensure reliable communication in challenging atmospheric conditions by operating in the eye-safe 2000 nm wavelength range. In this work, we propose the design of a watt-level, high-OSNR continuous wave (CW) HDFL tunable in 2022-2140 nm wavelength range based on figure-8 (F8) cavity and a single in-band backward pump source. The performance of F8 HDFL is evaluated considering optimized pumping configuration, length of Holmium-doped fiber (HDF), and Ho3+ ions density. Maximum output powers of 0.842 W, 1.5 W, and 2 W are obtained at lasing wavelength of 2046.7 nm for 20%, 40%, and 60% of coupling ratios, respectively. Highest slope efficiency (SE) of 51.8% is achieved at 2046.7 nm for 60% of coupling ratio considering optimized parameters. OSNR and linewidth (LW) in the range of 30.4-93.3 dB and 18.5-19.9 MHz, respectively are obtained when laser is tuned in 2022-2140 nm wavelength range. A power fluctuation around 0.3 dB at lasing wavelengths of 2022 nm and 2100 nm for fifteen iterations, each taken at five-minute interval is observed for 20% coupling ratio. Finally, the effect of pair induced quenching (PIQ) at laser's output power is analyzed. A negligible penalty of around 7 mW is observed in output power of the laser at 2046.7 nm for 20% coupling ratio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".