Building Collective Capabilities to Respond to Gender-based Constraints in Smallholder Farming: A Case from Rural Nepal
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Market uncertainties constitute a significant risk for smallholder farmers, particularly women. The COVID-19 crisis has underscored how entrenched gender norms are intensified during a period of crisis, thereby deepening existing gender-based constraints (GBCs) and limiting women’s opportunities in agri-businesses. Situated within the immediate aftermath of the post-COVID-19 context, this paper explores the lived experiences of women farmers in navigating GBCs and demonstrates how collective capabilities can challenge these barriers. Drawing on the approach and findings from a two-and-a-half-year participatory action research on women’s economic empowerment conducted in Nepal, we reveal that while social norms continue to dictate gender roles, traditional GBCs have evolved in response to infrastructural and technological developments, and they have manifested differently. However, enhanced capacities enabled women farmers to navigate niche market dynamics at higher nodes and secure premium prices for their produce. The approach to capabilities’ enhancement demands collaborative and context-suited actions, co-designed and co-implemented with women farmers and backed by related stakeholders. These findings highlight the transformative potential of building collective capabilities to address GBCs in smallholder farming by fostering women’s agency, enhancing their access to resources and strengthening institutional support for unlocking their economic potential in agri-business.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it