Mitochondrial DNA Analysis for Resolving the Phylogenetic Relationships of Tilapia Species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oreochromis spp. (Tilapias) are commercially important fishes with extensive distribution in Africa and other tropical and subtropical regions. Due to morphological similarity, high incidence of hybridization, and complex domestication history, the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic limits of tilapia species are disputed. In this study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences-COI, CYTB, and D-loop gene fragments-were resolved for some representative Oreochromis species and geographical populations. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods to infer evolutionary relationships. The analyses revealed clear genetic differentiation among tilapia species, while some local strains and hybrid populations contained admixed lineages or overlapping taxonomic signals. Genetic distances among populations generally corresponded to geographic separation, suggesting the combined effects of natural selection and human activity on genetic structure. Functional analysis of the variants of mitochondrial genes identified key loci with a putative association with energy metabolism and reproductive adaptation, suggesting their roles in ecological adaptation and phenotypic evolution. The study explains phylogenetic structure among Oreochromis species, verifies the feasibility of mtDNA in species identification, germplasm conservation, and molecular breeding, and provides basic data and theoretical basis for further study on tilapia molecular evolution and environmental adaptation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".