Isolation of Clostridioides difficile from the feces of equids and ruminants in a teaching veterinary hospital
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Clostridioides difficile is an important enteropathogen in humans and multiple animal species. This study determined the fecal occurrence of C. difficile in hospitalized or healthy equids and ruminants at a veterinary teaching hospital. A total of 84 fecal samples from ruminants and equids and ten environmental swabs were collected. The samples were cultured under anaerobic conditions to isolate C. difficile. DNA was extracted from C. difficile colonies and subjected to multiplex PCR to identify toxin-coding genes. The isolates were ribotyped, with the toxigenic isolates and one selected non-toxigenic isolate submitted for whole-genome sequencing. C. difficile was isolated from 10/84 (12%) of the fecal samples, of which one bovine isolate was toxigenic (A+B+ CDT -), classified as RT 046/ST35/clade 1, and carried five antimicrobial resistance genes (ermB, tetA, tetB, tetM, and inuP). Although, the occurrence of toxigenic strains was low, the study identified isolates kept in the hospital environment, highlighting the need for preventive measures, especially due to the presence of numerous animals undergoing antimicrobial therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".