Dual-Charge-Switchable Membranes Using an Amphoteric Diblock Copolymer Additive
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A surface charge-switchable poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membrane was developed by adding a diblock copolymer additive composed of a polystyrene (PS) hydrophobic block for anchoring in the PES matrix and a hydrophilic polyampholyte block for imparting the membrane surface with functional groups that can change between positively and negatively charged state depending on the solution pH. The polyampholyte block is a random copolymer of N, N -dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid (PDMAEMA- ran -PMAAc) and, by adjusting the composition of carboxylic acid and tertiary amine groups, can display an isoelectric point at about pH 4.8. A series of PES membranes with the amphoteric diblock copolymer additive (PS- b -PDMAEMA- ran -PMAAc) were prepared using the nonsolvent induced phase inversion method; their dual-charge-switching behavior was confirmed by zeta potential, contact angle, and reversible dye adsorption and desorption measurements. Moreover, the switchable charge state of the membranes was exploited in dairy protein extraction. The results show that the additive-containing PES membrane could achieve a significantly higher productivity compared to the neat PES membrane due to enhanced antifouling and improved cleaning efficiency, underscoring the potential of using amphoteric copolymer additives in developing high-performance ultrafiltration membranes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".