Parametric evaluation of lateral load capacity in precast hybrid steel/GFRP-reinforced concrete columns with grouted corrugated duct connections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Finite element model of hybrid steel–GFRP reinforced precast columns • Numerical results showed good agreement with experimental observations. • A comprehensive parametric study examined the influence on capacity, stiffness, and deformability. • Deformability improved with optimised hybrid reinforcement configuration. • Analytical capacity calculations confirmed numerical results at target drift levels. Recent advances introduced hybrid precast bridge columns with an external steel layer, an inner GFRP layer, and double-layer spirals. A finite element model was developed and validated against large-scale columns with grouted corrugated duct connections under combined axial and lateral loads. The model accurately captured lateral load–drift behavior and failure modes. A parametric study examined the effects of reinforcement ratio, steel-to-GFRP replacement, diameter ratio, axial load, and concrete strength on capacity, deformability, and stiffness. It was found that the column with a 1.1% reinforcement ratio failed due to GFRP rupture and achieved a maximum drift of only 77% of that attained when the ratio increased to 1.8%. Similarly, columns with an inner-to-outer bar diameter ratio of 0.68–0.84 achieved 83–92% of the capacity and 63–88% of the maximum drift of columns with equal-diameter bars in both layers, with failure controlled by brittle GFRP rupture. Increasing reinforcement ratio and GFRP bar diameter improved ductility and reduced premature rupture. While the steel RC column reached full capacity at 2.5% drift, half and full replacement of steel by GFRP achieved only 86% and 64% of the column capacity at the same drift, respectively. The analytical model predicted capacity accurately. The comparison showed that the theoretical capacity is reached at 4% drift, with lateral loads exceeding predictions by 1.27% on average and a coefficient of variation of 6.1%. Hence, a design drift of 4% for hybrid GFRP/steel RC columns is recommended, consistent with Canadian GFRP-RC provisions and above the 2.5% drift limit for steel-RC structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".