Effect of metal types on the controllable supramolecular self-assembly of protein-polyphenol conjugates and their carrier capabilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regulation of different metal ions on the properties, structure, self-assembly and encapsulating capabilities of soybean globulin (SG)-tannic acid (TA) conjugates were investigated. Through coordination interactions, metal ions promoted the supramolecular self-assembly of SG, resulting in the efficient encapsulation of β-carotene in its hydrophobic domains. Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ enhanced particle integrity by forming stable metal–polyphenol networks, while Al 3+ and Zn 2+ achieved the highest β-carotene encapsulation efficiency due to their appropriate capability to interact with SG/TA and lower destructive effect on β-carotene. In the presence of TA, Fe 3+ /Cu 2+ imparted strong pH stability to the carriers, Al 3+ /Mg 2+ /Zn 2+ preserved β-carotene under light/heat/oxygen conditions, and Al 3+ /Zn 2+ promoted superior antioxidant activity and β-carotene bioaccessibility during digestion. These findings demonstrate that metal ions with distinct coordination characteristics significantly influence the functionality of SG–TA conjugates, offering insights for the rational design of metal-induced protein–polyphenol delivery systems. • Metal-induced protein self-assembly effectively encapsulate β-carotene. • Tannic acid and different metal ions modulates the self-assembly strength of protein. • Metal–polyphenol networks enhance the structural stability of the particles. • The encapsulation enhances the stability of β-carotene in extreme conditions. • Al 3+ and Zn 2+ induced particles achieve higher bioaccessibilites for β-carotene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".