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Charged-hadron identification at Belle II
I. Adachi, H. Ahmed, Y. H. Ahn, H. Aihara, Н. Акопов, A. Albert, S. A. Al‐Ghamdi, M. Alhakami, A. Aloisio, N. Althubiti, K. R. Amos, M. Angelsmark, N. Anh Ky, C. Antonioli, D. M. Asner, H. Atmacan, T. Aushev, V. Aushev, M. Aversano, R. Ayad, V. Babu, H. Bae, N. K. Baghel, S. Bahinipati, P. Bambade, S. Banerjee, M. Barrett, M. Bartl, J. Baudot, A. Baur, A. Beaubien, F. Becherer, Jürgen Becker, J. V. Bennett, F. U. Bernlochner, V. Bertacchi, M. Bertemes, E. Bertholet, M. Bessner, S. Bettarini, B. Bhuyan, F. Bianchi, T. Bilka, D. Biswas, A. Bobrov, D. Bodrov, A. Bondar, G. Bonvicini, J. Borah, A. Boschetti, A. Bożek, M. Bračko, P. Branchini, R. A. Briere, T. E. Browder, A. Budano, S. Bussino, Q. Campagna, M. Campajola, L. Cao, G. Casarosa, C. Cecchi, M.-C. Chang, P. Cheema, L. Chen, Y.-T. Chen, B. G. Cheon, K. Chilikin, J. Chin, K. Chirapatpimol, H.-E. Cho, K. Cho, S.-J. Cho, S.-K. Choi, S. Choudhury, J. Cochran, I. Consigny, L. Corona, J. X. Cui, S. Das, E. De La Cruz–Burelo, S. A. De La Motte, G. De Pietro, R. de Sangro, M. Destefanis, S. Dey, A. Di Canto, J. Dingfelder, Z. Doležal, I. Domínguez Jiménez, T. V. Dong, M. Dorigo, G. Dujany, P. Ecker, J. Eppelt, R. Farkas, P. Feichtinger, T. Ferber, T. Fillinger, C. Finck, G. Finocchiaro, A. Fodor, F. Forti, A. Frey, B. G. Fulsom, A. Gabrielli, A. Gale, E. Ganiev, M. Garcia-Hernandez, R. Garg, G. Gaudino, V. Gaur, V. Gautam, A. Gaz, A. Gellrich, D. Ghosh, G. Giakoustidis, R. Giordano, A. Giri, P. Gironella Gironell, B. Gobbo, R. Godang, O. Gogota, P. Goldenzweig, W. Gradl, E. Graziani, D. Greenwald, Z. Gruberová, Y. Guan, K. Gudkova, I. Haide, Y. Han, K. Hayasaka, H. Hayashii, S. Hazra, M. T. Hedges, A. Heidelbach, G. Heine, I. Heredia-De La Cruz, M. Hernández Villanueva, T. Higuchi, M. Hoek, M. Hohmann, R. HOPPE, P. Horak, C.-L. Hsu, Audrey Huang, T. Humair, T. Iijima, K. Inami, G. Inguglia, N. Ipsita, A. Ishikawa, R. Itoh, M. Iwasaki, P. Jackson, D. Jacobi, W. W. Jacobs, E.-J. Jang, Q. P. Ji, X. B. Ji, S. Jia, Y. Jin, A. Johnson, H. Junkerkalefeld, J. Kandra, K. H. Kang, G. Karyan, T. Kawasaki, F. Keil, C. Ketter, M. Khan, C. Kiesling, C. H. Kim, D. Y. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, K.-H. Kim, K. Kinoshita, P. Kodyš, S. Kohani, K. Kojima, A. Korobov, S. Korpar, E. Kovalenko, R. Kowalewski, P. Križan, P. Krokovny, Y. Kulii, J. Kumar, K. Kumara, T. Kunigo, A. Kuzmin, Y.-J. Kwon, S. Lacaprara, K. Lalwani, T. Lam, L. Lanceri, J. S. Lange, T. S. Lau, M. Laurenza, R. Leboucher, F. Le Diberder, M. J. Lee, P. Leo, P. Lewis, C. Li, H. J. Li, L. K. Li, Q. M. Li, W. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, J. Lin, S. Lin, V. Lisovskyi, M. H. Liu, Q. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Zhiqing Liu, D. Liventsev, S. Longo, T. Lueck, C. Lyu, Yue Ma, C. Madaan, M. Maggiora, S. P. Maharana, R. Maiti, G. Mancinelli, R. Manfredi, E. Manoni, M. Mantovano, D. Marcantonio, S. Marcello, C. Mariñas, C. Martellini, A. Martens, T. Martinov, L. Massaccesi, M. Masuda, K. Matsuoka, D. Matvienko, M. Maushart, J. A. McKenna, R. Mehta, F. Meier, D. Meleshko, M. Merola, C. Miller, M. Mirra, S. Mitra, K. Miyabayashi, G. B. Mohanty, S. Moneta, A. L. Moreira De Carvalho, H.-G. Moser, R. Mussa, I. Nakamura, M. Nakao, Y. Nakazawa, M. Naruki, Z. Natkaniec, A. Natochii, M. Nayak, M. Neu, S. Nishida, A. Novosel, S. Ogawa, R. Okubo, H. Ono, E. R. Oxford, G. Pakhlova, S. Pardi, K. Parham, J. Park, K. Park, S.-H. Park, A. Passeri, S. Patra, R. Peschke, R. Pestotnik, L. E. Piilonen, P. L. M. Podesta-Lerma, T. Podobnik, A. Prakash, C. Praz, S. Prell, E. Prencipe, M. T. Prim, S. Privalov, H. Purwar, P. Rados, G. Raeuber, S. Raiz, V P Jagathy Raj, K. Ravindran, J. U. Rehman, M. Reif, S. Reiter, M. Remnev, L. Reuter, D. Ricalde Herrmann, I. Ripp-Baudot, G. Rizzo, J. M. Roney, A. Rostomyan, N. Rout, D. A. Sanders, S. Sandilya, L. Šantelj, V. Savinov, B. Scavino, J. Schmitz, S. Schneider, M. Schnepf, C. Schwanda, A. J. Schwartz, Y. Seino, A. Selce, K. Senyo, J. Serrano, M. E. Sevior, C. Sfienti, W. Shan, X. Shi, T. Shillington, J.-G. Shiu, D. Shtol, A. Sibidanov, X. Simo, F. Simon, J. B. Singh, J. Skorupa, R. Sobie, M. Sobotzik, A. Soffer, A. Sokolov, E. Solovieva, S. Spataro, B. Spruck, M. Starič, P. Stavroulakis, S. Stefkova, R. Stroili, Y. Sue, M. Sumihama, K. Sumisawa, N. Suwonjandee, H. Svidras, M. Takahashi, M. Takizawa, U. Tamponi, K. Tanida, F. Tenchini, F. Testa, O. Tittel, R. Tiwary, E. Torassa, K. Trabelsi, F. F. Trantou, I. Tsaklidis, I. Ueda, E. Uenlue, T. Uglov, K. Unger, Y. Unno, K. Uno, S. Uno, P. Urquijo, Y. Ushiroda, S. Vahsen, R. van Tonder, K. E. Varvell, M. Veronesi, V. S. Vismaya, L. Vitale, V. Vobbilisetti, R. Volpe, A. Vossen, M. Wakai, S. Wallner, M.-Z. Wang, Z. Wang, A. Warburton, M. Watanabe, S. Watanuki, C. Wessel, E. Won, X. P. Xu, B. Yabsley, S. Yamada, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, S. B. Yang, J. Yelton, K. Yi, J. H. Yin, K. Yoshihara, J. Yuan, Y. Yusa, L. Zani, F. Zeng, M. Zeyrek, Boyang Zhang, J. S. Zhou, Q. Zhou, L. Zhu, R. Žlebčík
Bibliographic record
VenueThe European Physical Journal C · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicParticle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesAkademi Sains MalaysiaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaKorea Research Environment Open NetworkBundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und ForschungMax-Planck-GesellschaftMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyKorea Institute of Science and Technology InformationMinistry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian FederationNational Research FoundationAustrian Science FundCompute CanadaNatural Science Foundation of Shandong ProvinceGrantová Agentura České RepublikyUniverzita Karlova v PrazeCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyForskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och VälfärdGrantová Agentura, Univerzita KarlovaAgence Nationale de la RechercheCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaCanarieEuropean CommissionAlexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
KeywordsColliderIdentification (biology)Sensitivity (control systems)Particle identificationSuperconducting Super Collider
Abstract
Abstract The Belle II experiment’s ability to identify particles critically affects the sensitivity of its measurements. We describe Belle II’s algorithms for identifying charged particles and evaluate their performance in separating pions, kaons, and protons using $$426\,\text {fb}^{-1}$$ 426 fb - 1 of data collected at the energy-asymmetric $${\varvec{e}}^+{\varvec{e}}^-$$ e + e - collider SuperKEKB in 2019–2022 at center-of-mass energies at and near the mass of the $$\Upsilon $$ Υ (4S).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.009
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.029
Threshold uncertainty score0.096
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.264
Teacher spread0.254 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations10
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes