Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Front of a Rewetted Coastal Peatland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Coastal peatlands are important carbon, nutrient, and trace metal stores that have been extensively drained and degraded. Rewetting may restore ecological and hydrological functions but could also enhance the export of solutes through the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) pathway to adjacent marine environments. We directly measured SGD and its associated solute concentrations in front of a coastal peatland using seepage meters across two shore-perpendicular transects in summer and fall 2021. In addition to SGD, groundwater and porewater samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), nutrients, trace metals, and stable water and carbon isotopes to characterize the discharging groundwater. Results indicated a mean SGD rate of 1.3 ± 1.7 cm d⁻ 1 (max. 3.9 cm d⁻ 1 ) during the summer campaign while recharge conditions prevailed in fall, due to intense landwards winds. Notably, salinity of SGD exceeded that of ambient seawater, and isotope analyses revealed that most SGD originated from the recirculation of brackish seawater. Solute concentrations were significantly higher in SGD than in seawater, but lower than values encountered in porewater and groundwater. The flushed permeable coastal sediments thus serve as a source for carbon, nutrients and trace metals. Summer solute fluxes were substantial (mmol m −2 d −1 ) – DOC: 10; DIC: 44; TDN: 2.8; NH₄⁺: 1.5, PO₄ 3 ⁻: 0.13; Fe: 0.23; and Mn: 0.17. However, estimates of solute fluxes might be conservative as land-derived groundwater influence was minor during the sampling campaigns. Our findings suggest that SGD in front of coastal peatlands is significant and could influence local and regional biogeochemical budgets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".