Sexual Assertiveness and Sexual Victimization Across Different Life Stages: Examining Gender-Related and Cultural Differences
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives A growing body of research indicate that experiencing sexual victimization may be linked to lower levels of sexual assertiveness, yet significant gaps remain in understanding how this association varies across the life stages in which one is victimized, gender identities, and cultural contexts. Prior studies have primarily focused on cisgender women from Western countries, mainly examined adolescent/adult sexual assault (AASA), and emphasized sexual refusal while neglecting the larger concept of sexual assertiveness.Method This study addresses these gaps by investigating the links between child sexual abuse (CSA), AASA, revictimization (CSA+AASA) and sexual assertiveness—encompassing initiation, refusal, and risk negotiation—using data from a large multinational online survey. We analyzed responses from over 64,000 participants, including men, women, and gender-diverse individuals from 42 countries, comparing the associations of sexual assertiveness and sexual victimization across groups based on gender and the intersection of country and gender.Results Findings revealed that CSA is consistently associated with lower sexual assertiveness across all genders and countries, while AASA and CSA+AASA exhibit gender- and culture-specific patterns. Women’s sexual assertiveness was negatively associated with all forms of sexual victimization across the lifespan, while men’s sexual assertiveness was only consistently linked to CSA, with notable cross-country variations in the AASA-assertiveness relationship.Conclusions These findings extend existing literature, fill important research gaps, and identify vulnerable populations, while emphasizing the need for gender- and culturally sensitive interventions to support survivors.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it