Characterizing behavioral and physiological changes in threespine stickleback ( <i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> ) with changing thermal regimes in the Canadian Pacific west coast
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the impacts of sea temperature changes on marine fishes’ physiology and behavior is critical for marine ecosystem management. Around Vancouver Island, threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) populations thrive in areas that differ by ± 10°C. To understand the acclimatory potential of stickleback, fish were exposed to cold (10°C), control (15°C), or warm (20°C) water treatments for 4 weeks. Their acclimation response was tested using the novel tank test (NTT), black-white test (BWT), measuring growth, determining critical thermal maxima (CT max ), and measuring heat shock proteins (HSPs). We found that CT max differed significantly between treatments, however, the increase in acclimation temperature was not proportional to the increase in CT max . In the BWT, the average number of crosses and duration that fish spent in the white zone was lower in the cold treatment than the control, while these metrics were higher in the warm treatment. A similar trend was observed in the NTT test, with warm treatment having the highest number of crosses and duration in the top third of the tank, and the cold treatment having the lowest. Surprisingly, fish in the cold treatment had a significantly greater change in weight and lowest HSP content than fish kept in the other treatments, which may be associated with energy expenditure and trade-offs for activity. Given these results, greater trade-offs in fish energy usage are anticipated in changing climates due to the acclimation limits of their bodies which would starkly affect ecosystem dynamics. HIGHLIGHTS Climate change is driving variability in habitats’ thermal regimes directly impacting the function and performance of animals. Behavioral changes (in anxiety or anti-predatory and exploratory behaviors) ensue under changing thermal environments. Stickleback are reaching the ends of their acclimatory capacity under current peak summer water temperatures. Consequences are anticipated with continued warming through trade-offs among energetically expensive processes like behavior, growth, and stress response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".