<i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of Liver Injury and Arthritis Enabled by a Nitroxyl-Activated Near-Infrared Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Dual-Modality Imaging Probe
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Nitroxyl (HNO) is the transient form of nitric oxide (NO) and is highly reactive, which makes its in vivo study a significant challenge. We report here simultaneous fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of HNO, enabled by a newly synthesized near-infrared, dual-modality fluorescence and photoacoustic (FPA) probe. The 2-(diphenylphosphonyl)benzoate moiety in the FPA probe specifically recognized HNO. The photophysical properties of the probe were tuned, e.g., by substituting an oxygen atom in the hemicyanine moiety with sulfur, resulting in a 45 nm red-shift. The maximum absorption wavelength increased from 650 nm in the absence of HNO to 760 nm in the presence of HNO. We demonstrate an application of the HNO-activated FPA probe to in vivo evaluation of inflammatory disease progression in a mouse model. Treatment of mice with acetaminophen stimulated endogenous generation of HNO in their liver, which was successfully imaged using dual-modality near-infrared fluorescence and photoacoustic measurements. Fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of the ankle site of an arthritis mouse model enabled a study of the onset of this inflammatory disease.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it