Symptom burden in the first four years following hospitalization after mild traumatic brain injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: 1) Describe clinically significant symptoms over 4 years following hospitalization after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); 2) examine quality of life (QoL), social participation, and healthcare service use in relation to symptom burden. METHODS: Longitudinal cohort study in which 142 adults (ages 18-65) hospitalized following mTBI were assessed 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months post-injury. Questionnaires and interviews evaluated fatigue, insomnia, cognitive complaints, anxiety, depression, headaches, dizziness, QoL, social participation, and healthcare service use for mTBI symptoms. The number of clinically significant symptoms (based on validated cutoff scores) was totaled for each participant; QoL, social participation, and healthcare services were examined in relation to the number of symptoms. RESULTS: = 0.32). The presence of 3+ symptoms was associated with poor QoL and social participation, including lower rates of return-to-work. Healthcare service use was not universal, even among individuals with 5+ symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be alert to the long-term presence of multiple symptoms following hospitalization after mTBI, as these affect a significant proportion of individuals and are associated with poorer outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".