Validity of the HALO <sup>TM</sup> digital goniometer for measuring cervical range of motion: A comparative study with the cervical range of Motion <sup>TM</sup> device
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study evaluated the validity of the HALO™ digital goniometer compared to the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM™) device for assessing cervical range of motion (ROM) in a sample of 20 patients with cervicogenic headache (CGH).MethodsROM was measured simultaneously using both devices across six movement planes at two time points, at baseline and 4 weeks later. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess agreement, and Bland-Altman analyses evaluated measurement bias.ResultsResults showed excellent to good agreement between the HALO™ and CROM™ for most movements (ICC = 0.880 to 0.994), with flexion, extension, and left rotation demonstrating excellent reliability (ICC > 0.9). Left side flexion and right rotation showed good agreement (ICC = 0.888 and 0.880, respectively), while right side flexion had lower (moderate) agreement (ICC = 0.688, 95% CI [-0.073 to 0.902]). Bland-Altman analysis indicated that the HALO™ tended to slightly overestimate ROM in several directions, with statistically significant yet clinically negligible (<5° difference) biases for flexion, side flexion, and right rotation, indicating that the clinical interchangeability between the two devices may be limited for these movements.ConclusionThe HALO™ demonstrated good validity compared to the CROM™ for measuring cervical ROM in individuals with CGH. Both its portability and ease of use make it a viable alternative. However, variability observed in side flexion and the modest sample size suggest that caution is warranted, and further validation in larger and more diverse populations is needed before it can be considered interchangeable with the CROM™.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.036 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".