Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Insulin Dose and Route of Administration Regimens for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases represent a major global health challenge. Among these, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), an acute complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, significantly contributes to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Effective management of DKA relies on adequate insulin therapy, but variability in dosing, administration, and frequency leads to increased risk of complications and delayed DKA resolution. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the insulin dose and route of administration regimens for managing pediatric DKA. Methods: This review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024568747). A comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Scopus identified studies examining insulin regimens in pediatric DKA. Eligible studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (RoB-2) tool, and data were pooled using Review Manager for meta-analysis. Outcomes included morbidity (cerebral injury, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia), mortality, hospital stay, and adverse events. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. This review was commissioned by the WHO for the development of consolidated guidelines on common childhood illnesses. Results: Twelve RCTs, involving 530 participants, were included. A lower insulin dose (0.05 U/kg/h) was associated with a significantly reduced risk of hypoglycemia (RR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18–0.88, p = 0.02) and hypokalemia (RR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33,0.89, p = 0.01) compared to 0.1 U/kg/h. There were no significant differences in mortality and length of hospital stay between the dosing regimens. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the incidence of cerebral injury and other adverse events. Conclusions: Findings suggest that lower insulin doses may reduce the risks of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia in children with mild-to-moderate DKA without increasing the risk of mortality, cerebral injury, or length of hospital stay. Further studies are needed to provide an evidence-based core outcome set and refine insulin dosing strategies across the full spectrum of disease severity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.049 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.022 | 0.039 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".