Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Center in Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The escalating rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Saudi Arabia highlight the impending burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Objective: This study aimed to identify MASLD among patients with T2DM at King Saud Medical City family medicine clinics, Riyadh, and explore associated factors to facilitate early intervention and prevention strategies. Methods: This cross-sectional study identified patients with T2DM who attended King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, underwent an abdominal ultrasound, and were diagnosed with MASLD. The study data were collected by a peer-reviewed validated data extraction sheet and analyzed by SPSS (version 26.0; IBM Corp). Results: Our study included 292 participants, with 47.3% (n=138) males and 52.7% (n=154) females. Notably, the prevalence of MASLD was 54.5% (n=159). Prevalent comorbidities included dyslipidemia (218/292, 74.7%) and hypertension (209/292, 71.6%). Most participants were nonsmokers (218/292, 74.7%). Higher waist circumference was significantly associated with MASLD (P=.02), with >80 cm among females (85/141, 60.3%) and >94 cm among males (60/141, 54.5%) affected across different stages of MASLD. Obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) also significantly correlated with MASLD (P<.001). Individuals taking aspirin had half the odds of MASLD development (odds ratio [OR] 0.523, 95% CI 0.331-0.844; P=.007). Biochemical analysis revealed significant associations between MASLD and elevated alanine aminotransferase (P=.009), aspartate aminotransferase (P=.01), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P=.001). Total cholesterol (P=.01), triglycerides (P=.03), and low-density lipoprotein (P=.04) were significantly elevated in patients with MASLD. Insulin exhibited a significant positive correlation with MASLD (r=0.24; P=.001). Glucose levels showed no significant association (r=0.03; P=.63). Conclusions: Our study highlights significant associations between MASLD and various factors, including waist circumference, obesity, and certain biochemical markers. Furthermore, the protective effect of aspirin against MASLD warrants further investigation. These findings underscore the importance of early intervention and targeted preventive strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".