Strong and flexible graphene oxide paper for humidity responsive origami metamaterials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Origami, the art of paper folding, can transform sheets into three-dimensional (3D) configurations and reshape deployed structures into folded forms, inspiring the design of deployable and multifunctional structures. Graphene oxide (GO) flakes can be assembled into papers that are promising substrates to fabricate actuators because of their light weight, high surface area for integration of functional components, and responsiveness to stimuli. In this work, we develop macroscopic deployable GO origamis with anisotropic mechanical properties, structural bistability, and humidity-responsive deformations. To produce strong yet flexible GO papers, we propose a high-throughput fabrication method by drop-casting GO suspensions on a wet cellulose substrate. The cellulose allows retaining water within the GO flakes during evaporation, enhancing the flexibility and toughness of the resulting GO paper. We fabricate GO Miura-ori and Kresling origamis that unfold in humid environments and fold upon water evaporation, thanks to the hygroscopic expansion of GO combined with the 3D origami design. This enables the creation of programmable, multifunctional structures that serve as actuators in a two-digit humidity signaling device. The deployable GO origamis, powered by origami engineering and the humidity responsiveness of graphene materials, offer new opportunities for the design of next-generation graphene metamaterials and responsive soft robots.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".