Chorea and Levodopa‐Induced Dyskinesia in Corticobasal Syndrome: Two Case Reports with Pathological Insights and Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a rare, clinically heterogeneous form of atypical Parkinsonism. Hyperkinetic movements, aside from myoclonus and dystonia, have rarely been reported in CBS. CASES: We present two patients with CBS, one with pathologically confirmed corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and generalized chorea, and another with probable CBS and Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Case 1 exhibited late-onset generalized chorea, which was preceded by several years of dystonia, rigidity and apraxia affecting the right upper limb. Case 2 presented with dystonia, cortical sensory loss, and apraxia in the left upper limb, while LID affected the face and the right side of the body. LITERATURE REVIEW: A systematic review of published cases of chorea or levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in CBS was performed. The literature search was executed in PubMed from its inception for cases of chorea or LID associated with CBS. Twelve patients were identified across eight studies. Only five cases of pathologically confirmed CBD with chorea were found; chorea developed after 4 years of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Chorea and LID are rare but may represent late manifestations of CBS. The exact mechanisms are unclear; they may relate to variability in anatomical involvement, particularly relative sparing of the GPi. Greater understanding of topographical disease progression may improve diagnostic precision and phenotypic classification in CBS and related tauopathies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".