An innovative approach to enhancing strength and ductility in cold spray 3D printing through engineered heterogeneous laminate microstructures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Achieving an ideal balance of strength and ductility in 3D-printed low-pressure cold spray materials is highly desirable yet remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a dual heterogeneous laminated Cu/CuCrZr composite structure, characterized by varying properties between a soft and hard domains, manufactured through low-pressure cold spray followed by heat-treatment. The tailored heterogeneous Cu/CuCrZr microstructure features alternating coarse and fine grains, resulting in a hetero-deformation-induced hardening, caused by the mechanical incompatibility between the coarse grain Cu and fine grain CuCrZr layers, leading to an improvement of work hardening and increase of ductility. This performance is largely attributed to the well-bonded particles and hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening during plastic deformation. The strengthening effect is due to the accumulation of a substantial number of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) at the heterogeneous interface, which enhances work-hardening and simultaneously boosts both the strength and ductility of the layered structure. The engineered laminate showed 205% and 115% improvement in strength and ductility compared to Cu and 10% and 28% improvement when compared to CuCrZr.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".