3D‐Printed Functional Biphasic Scaffolds with Nanocomposites for Osteochondral Regeneration: A Step Toward Bioengineered Cartilage and Bone Integration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Repair of osteochondral defects remains a great challenge because of the complex interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone, each of which has distinct structural, biological, and mechanical properties. Here, the fabrication and of a novel 3D printed biphasic osteochondral scaffold composed of polycaprolactone/laponite (PL) is demonstrated for the bone layer and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)‐loaded polycaprolactone/chitosan (PC) for the cartilage layer. Comprehensive characterization of the scaffold revealed gradient mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity, replicating the structural requirements of native osteochondral tissue. In vitro biological assays demonstrated enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells for both cartilage and bone layers. The PL layer exhibited osteogenic capacity, while the MSM‐loaded PC layer facilitated chondrogenesis. Additionally, the scaffold displayed controlled degradation and sustained release of MSM, further promoting extracellular matrix production. Altogether, the results suggest that the designed biphasic scaffold represents a promising platform for osteochondral tissue regeneration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".