Considerations to Establish the Best Orientation of the Occlusal Plane Used in Oral Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: The goal of this review was to compile all available information in an updated literature review to indicate the correct position of the tragus on Camper's plane and other considerations to establish the best orientation of the occlusal plane used in oral rehabilitation. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search was conducted by two trained reviewers across the primary data sources, including Medline via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, EBSCO, and SciELO. The search employed the keywords "(orientation) AND (dental occlusion OR occlusal plane OR Camper plane)" and covered the period from May 2018 to November 2025. The risk of bias for all selected articles was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The analysis focused on identifying the optimal orientation of the occlusal plane for use in oral rehabilitation. Results: A total of 1,710 articles were identified, of which only 14 were included for analysis. Seven articles had a low risk of bias. Moreover, these studies indicated that the ideal location for the posterior point of Camper's plane, when aligned with the tragus, results in an occlusal plane that runs parallel to it, connecting the lower border of the wing of the nose to the lower part of the tragus. This outcome remains consistent regardless of the patient's arch shape, clinical judgment, esthetics, or the stability of the restoration. Photography is considered the most widely used method for reconstructing the occlusal plane. Conclusion: The reviewed articles considered the most inferior point marked on the tragus, which would be the most appropriate for the occlusal plane in edentulous and dentate patients. Photography is the most widely used technique for determining the occlusal plane, as it is the most studied and used by clinicians. Clinical significance: Clinicians can accurately determine the occlusal plane in oral rehabilitation by locating the tragus in its optimal orientation using Camper's plane, which serves as the most stable reference for establishing the occlusal plane.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.077 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.019 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".