Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Prevention Among Transgender and Nonbinary Persons: Protocol for a Prospective Mixed Methods Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at twice the rates of cisgender populations. Although prior research has linked IPV to elevated HIV risk and vulnerability among TNB persons, there is limited understanding of how IPV influences key HIV prevention behaviors, such as HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, and initiation and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). IPV experiences among TNB individuals are complex and diverse, varying by type, frequency, severity, and power and relationship dynamics, and often intersect with systemic forms of marginalization. Additional research is needed to investigate the mechanisms linking IPV and HIV outcomes to inform effective, tailored prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE: This prospective mixed methods cohort study seeks to advance understanding of the risk and protective pathways between IPV (both perpetration and victimization) and HIV-related outcomes, including engaging in condomless sex, STI acquisition, PrEP uptake, adherence, and persistence among TNB individuals experiencing IPV. METHODS: This study includes two sequential phases. Phase 1 consisted of formative qualitative interviews with 32 TNB individuals with recent IPV experience and 10 key informants (eg, service providers and advocates) in the United States. These interviews informed the design of a national, web-based cohort study. Phase 2 will enroll 600 HIV-negative, currently partnered TNB participants living in the United States. Participants will be followed for 24 months, with surveys and at-home biospecimen collection (HIV and STI testing and PrEP adherence) at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Brief surveys assessing changes in key variables will also be completed at 3, 9, 15, and 21 months. RESULTS: Phase 1 was initiated in October 2023, with interviews conducted through October 2024 until thematic saturation was reached. Rapid qualitative analysis was completed between November 2024 and January 2025 to inform measurement selection for the phase 2 surveys. Enrollment for phase 2 began in February 2025 and is expected to continue through December 2025. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide essential insights into how IPV impacts HIV risk and prevention practices among TNB individuals. Results will guide the development or refinement of gender-affirming, trauma-responsive, and culturally grounded IPV and HIV prevention interventions tailored to the needs of TNB communities. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/82090.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.045 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.058 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".