Sex-specific aggressive and emotional behavior in myostatin-deficient mice: Ratio of acylated versus unacylated ghrelin is reduced, but not correlated with butyrylcholinesterase activity level, however parvalbumin expression is lost in the habenular complex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Myostatin plays crucial roles in negative regulation of muscle growth. Inactivation of the myostatin gene results in gross muscle hypertrophy. We observed that myostatin knock-out (myostatin-KO) mice are more aggressive than wild-type (WT) mice. Ghrelin is a hormone produced by cells of the gastrointestinal tract that activates cells in the brain and increases the drive to eat. The level of circulating ghrelin affects anxiety, stress, and aggression. Ghrelin controls expression of myostatin in disease-associated cachexia. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is responsible for the deacylation of ghrelin. BChE knock-out mice show higher level of acylated ghrelin and are more aggressive than WT mice. De-acylation of ghrelin by BChE reduces aggression in mice. We hypothesized that the levels of expression of BChE, ghrelin and myostatin could explain the aggressive behavior of myostatin-myostatin-KO mice. Resident/intruder tests shows that male myostatin-KO mice are more aggressive than WT littermates. Female myostatin-KO mice show much higher spontaneous exercise than female WT and males of both genotypes. Behavioral tests (elevated plus maze and light/dark box) show that myostatin-KO mice present anxious behavior without any change in circulating corticosterone. Myostatin-KO mice have a lower acylated/unacylated ghrelin ratio. Female myostatin-KO mice show lower level of BChE activity compared with WT littermates. Comparison of staining for various neurotransmitter systems involved in behavior showed that the only region where there was a difference between WT and myostatin-KO mice was in the habenular complex which involved in regulation of behavior. Reduced ghrelin levels and loss of parvalbumin neurons of the habenular complex could partly explain the behavior of our model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".