Assessment of the sub-lethal effects induced by three tire rubber-derived contaminants on zebrafish larvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focuses on the sub-lethal effects of three key tire rubber-derived contaminants (TRDCs) used as vulcanizing agents and antioxidants in the tire production: 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and its byproduct 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q). Effects were assessed at the concentration of 500 ng/L on Danio rerio (zebrafish) larvae, from 0 to 120 h post fertilization, through a wide battery of biomarkers, proteomics, as well as imaging techniques for the inflammation detection. No significant effects were observed on larvae concerning apical endpoints, such as viability and morphological alterations, in all experimental groups. However, DPG exposure led to the most widespread biomarker responses among the tested compounds, with a significant induction of superoxide dismutase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and glutathione-S-transferase. To obtain a toxicity scale of tested TRDCs, based on used biomarkers, each endpoint was integrated in the Biomarker Response Index. This approach indicated that 6PPD-q and DPG were more toxic than 6PPD. Coherently, proteomic analysis revealed the modulation of 8 proteins with the DPG treatment, 7 with 6PPD-q and only 4 impacted proteins in the treatment with 6PPD. Other evidence, which considers also the effects of TRDC mixture, is necessary to better investigate the main toxic chemicals related to tire in aquatic ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".